This study investigates the gender-unequal impacts of marriage and having children on labor market outcomes in South Korea, focusing on the associated penalties (termed marriage penalty and child penalty, respectively) and the work environment characteristics that may contribute to these effects. A difference-in-differences event study method finds that marriage and child penalties are substantial and enduring in employment and earnings. Moreover, international comparison with European countries and the US indicates that in Korea, these penalties mostly arise from the extensive margin (i.e., employment) rather than the intensive margin (i.e., hours worked or wage). This study further examines whether these penalties correlate with occupational working hours and time pressure. The results show that the marriage penalty is less severe for women in occupations with shorter working hours and less time pressure. Thus, considering Korea's long, inflexible working hours and underutilized family policies, these findings underscore the need for a work environment that actively encourages adjustable work schedules and family-friendly policies to advance women’s careers and promote healthy work-family balance.

Preface
Executive Summary

Chapter 1 Introduction
　Section 1 Trends in National Marriage and Birth Rates
　Section 2 Trends in Economic Participation Rates by Gender

Chapter 2 Marriage and Child Penalties
　Section 1 Marriage and Child Penalties
　Section 2 The Difference in Differences-Event History Analysis Model
　Section 3 Analysis Data
　Section 4 Marriage Penalty Estimation Results
　Section 5 Child Penalty Estimation Results
　Section 6 Changes in Marriage and Child Penalties Over Time
　Section 7 International Comparison of the Child Penalty

Chapter 3 Working Environment and Work-Family Compatibility
　Section 1 Working Environment Characteristics by Occupation
　Section 2 Working Environment Characteristics and the Gender Wage Gap
　Section 3 Working Environment Characteristics and the Marriage and Child Penalty

Chapter 4 Creating Working Environments that Support Work-Family Balance

References
ABSTRACT