This study analyzes trends in household income distribution in South Korea during the period encompassing the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors influencing the income disparities from two perspectives. First, it examines overall trajectories in household income distributions, focusing on underlying factors with persistent effects, such as population aging, reduction in household sizes, and increase in dual-income households―important household characteristics that influence these trends. Analysis of household income distribution trends through income quintile comparison reveals a widening income gap by market income criteria, notably driven by a decline in market income among lower-income brackets relative to middle and high-income brackets. Particularly, rapid aging and shrinking household size have significantly widened the income gap between the lower-income brackets and the wealthier ones. However, when changes in household characteristics are controlled, the market income gap shows a trend of narrowing. Additionally, the recent increase in the share of dual-income households among those headed by individuals aged 50 and older has markedly narrowed the income disparity based on market income. In contrast, the quintile share ratio based on disposable income has continued to decrease, with much smaller impacts observed from household characteristics, suggesting that income and expenses from public transfers have mitigated the growing income gap caused by changes in household characteristics.

Second, the impact of COVID-19 on income and consumption is investigated by income strata, identifying how the labor income shock during the COVID-19 crisis affected income inequality and the actual household economy. The findings indicate opposing trends in labor income among low-income households: during the crisis in 2020, the growth rate of labor income for low-income households significantly decreased compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, whereas in 2021, it increased substantially, exhibiting a clear recovery trend. The effects of government cash assistance on income, when combined with labor income, varied greatly depending on the nature of the support. Temporary support provided in 2020 in response to COVID-19 significantly compensated for the labor income shock, demonstrating its effectiveness. In contrast, traditional cash support, similarly evaluated in conjunction with labor income, did not significantly alter the outcomes compared to those based solely on labor income, indicating their limited capacity to address the economic difficulties caused by COVID-19. In addition, the analysis of the impact of income shocks on consumption reveals that in 2020, the overall rate of increase in consumer spending decreased significantly for both low and high-income households compared to the period before COVID-19, with different consumption items affected by income strata. The decline in consumption growth rate was particularly noticeable in food, education, and medical expenses for low-income households, and in entertainment, culture, and education expenses for high-income households. Despite the recovery in labor income observed in 2021, the decrease in the growth rates for entertainment, culture, and education expenses continued.

These findings suggest several policy implications. First, as the aging of the population structure intensifies, income disparities based on market income are likely to widen, underscoring the need for future interpretations of income disparity trends to consider these demographic changes. Second, as increasing employment within households represents a crucial pathway to mitigating income disparities, policy support is required to remove barriers to employment, especially in low-income households. Lastly, in response to unforeseen crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as shifts in the labor market landscape, such as pandemic-accelerated technological advancements and climate changes, it is advisable to strengthen the counter-cyclical functions of social safety nets to effectively cope with economic difficulties.

Preface
Executive Summary

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Household Income Disparity Trends
　Section 1 Trends in Household Income Disparity
　Section 2 How Changes in Household Characteristics Have Affected the Disparity

Chapter 3 Income Disparities Due to COVID-19
　Section 1 Trends in Income and Income Distribution Index Before and After COVID-19
　Section 2 Impact of COVID-19 on Income Disparities

Chapter 4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
　Section 1 Summary of Research Findings
　Section 2 Policy Recommendations

References
ABSTRACT